3D printers are increasingly common tools in university settings, frequently found in engineering departments, design studios, innovation centers, and research laboratories. These printers are often operated by students, faculty, and researchers alike, fostering innovation and experimentation across various academic disciplines. The following information aims to promote safe practices for operating 3D printers, ensuring that all users can maximize the benefits of 3D printing technology safely and effectively.
3D printing technology is strictly prohibited in any residence hall rooms.
3D Printer Safety Concerns
CHEMICAL VAPORS/TOXIC EMISSIONS
3D printer emissions primarily stem from the heating and melting of thermoplastic filaments during the printing process, releasing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and potentially harmful gases, such as formaldehyde and styrene. The composition and concentration of these emissions can vary based on factors such as filament material, printing temperature, printer type, and ventilation conditions. Prolonged exposure to these emissions, especially in poorly ventilated spaces, can pose serious health risks, such as respiratory irritation, headaches, and potentially other long-term health effects.
ULTRAFINE PARTICULATE MATTER
Ultrafine particulate matter are very minute particles that are generated during the heating and extrusion of common filament materials such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA). Due to their small size, ultrafine particles can penetrate deep into the respiratory system when inhaled and can potentially cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and other respiratory conditions. Additionally, these particles may carry adsorbed chemicals or contaminants from the printing process, further complicating their potential health impacts.
HEAT
Heating elements within the printer assembly are used for melting filaments and facilitating layer-by-layer deposition. While heating is essential for achieving optimal print quality and adhesion, excess heat can pose additional safety risks, including the potential for burns, fire hazards, and thermal degradation of certain filament materials.
MECHANICAL HAZARDS
Mechanical hazards associated with 3D printers may include moving parts and sharp objects that are inherent in the printing process. The moving components of the printer, including the extruder assembly, build platform, and gantry systems, pose potential hazards for users, particularly during maintenance or when inadvertently accessing restricted areas during printer operation. Also, the handling of sharp objects such as cutting tools or removal of support structures post-printing can pose a risk of cuts or punctures.
3D Printer Safety Measures
VENTILATION SYSTEMS
Dedicated ventilation systems can help prevent exposure to the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ultrafine particles into the workspace air, which may pose health risks to operators and bystanders. By installing dedicated ventilation systems, such as fume hoods or local exhaust fans, operators can effectively capture and remove airborne contaminants from the printing area, reducing the risk of inhalation exposure and protecting the health and well-being of individuals in the vicinity. Additionally, proper ventilation helps to maintain air quality, minimize odors, and create a safer and more comfortable working environment for operators and other personnel working nearby.
ENCLOSURES
Enclosures are structures that help contain emissions, fumes, and particles generated during the printing process, minimizing the risk of exposure to operators and bystanders. Enclosures also provide physical protection by preventing accidental contact with hot surfaces or moving parts, reducing the likelihood of injuries. Overall, enclosures contribute to a safer working environment for 3D printing operations, enhancing operator safety and reducing potential risks associated with the printing process.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
Administrative controls, such as establishing guidelines, procedures, and protocols, can ensure the safe operation of the equipment. These methods can complement engineering controls by providing organizational structure, training, and oversight. By implementing training programs, standard operating procedures, and emergency response protocols, operators will have more knowledge about potential hazards, safe work practices, and ensure consistent adherence to safety guidelines.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
PPE such as safety glasses or goggles, gloves, and respiratory protection can help prevent injuries from accidental contact with moving parts, hot surfaces, or sharp objects. By wearing appropriate PPE, operators can minimize the risk of accidents, injuries, and exposure to hazards, creating a safer working environment for themselves and others involved in 3D printing operations. Users who wish to obtain respiratory protection should initially contact EHS for a workplace assessment to determine if respirators are necessary for the working environment.
EHS Assessment
3D Printers requiring any materials other than ABS or PLA filament must be assessed by EHS before use; examples include:
- Metal powders
- Lasers
- UV light
- Biologics
- Corrosive bath to remove support material
- New type of printer or novel use with additional potential hazards
Select this link to request a hazard assessment for your 3D printing workspace.
Other Resources
- CDC/NIOSH 3D Printing with Filaments: Health and Safety Questions to Ask
- Underwriters Laboratory 3D Printer School Safety
Be safe today and remain a Buckeye tomorrow.